Sistemyi heating: alternative sources

QUESTION: Tell about the sources of a heat supply united by the general word — "alternative"?
The answer: the Most perspective are works on solar energy application. And though the interest peak to gelioenergetike passed, in the Western Europe, Japan and especially in the USA gelioteplosnabzhenie from the order of business is not removed. Erection of buildings with "zero" consumption of energy is possible not only in southern latitudes: such project has been successfully realised in Copenhgen (Denmark) in 1975, works of the similar plan were conducted and in cities of Sweden and Germany.
In some regions of a planet and technological enough use for energy reception (and thermal including) deposits of geothermal waters is economically effective. Their stocks are huge. Geothermal waters play the most powerful role a heat supply of municipal sector of Northern Iceland: more than 2/3 population of this country heat the dwellings with the help nagretoy heat of terrestrial bowels of water. In our country areas, perspective for realisation of similar projects, are Kamchatka and republics of the North Caucasus, especially Dagestan.

QUESTION: What it is better — the centralised or independent systems of heating?
The answer: For the answer to this question the whole article is necessary, but nevertheless we will try to answer… Power are capable to show propensity to "separatism" or, on the contrary, to "centralism". And if the first call for expansion of use of independent sources the second prefer maintenance and the further development of the centralised heat supply. As usually, others are right both those, and. The centralised approach until recently prevailed. As consequence, now in Russia systems of central heating and the centralised heat supply make and distribute over 2/3 total amounts of thermal energy.
Supporters of "autonomism" obosnovanno notice, that the problems which have become aggravated in the last years energosberezheniya and ecology are connected not only with an energy crisis and a sharp rise in price of organic fuel, but in not smaller degree with an unsatisfactory condition of engineering communications. And as an example for imitation refer to experience of the USA where functions 100 million local systems of a heat supply which 2/3 it is necessary on private one-family houses. Only heating and a refrigerating machinery in private houses Americans spend for repair for a year over 10 bln. dollars (about third of annual Russian budget). But have no such problems with heat conductors.
But supporters of centralisation not less reasonably notice, what not all western countries are apologists of exclusively independent systems.
On the contrary, after an energy crisis of 1973 in many of them at powerful state support systems of central heating and the centralised heat supply began to form. There was a set of systems of the regional heat supply transporting heat on distance to 100 km. As an example of rational development Denmark close to St.-Petersburg can serve small on the population and in any measure on climatic conditions: to the middle of 90th years the share of system of the centralised heat supply here has made about 60 % of the general consumption of heat.

QUESTION: whether independent systems of heating Are favourable?
The answer: the Share of apartment houses becomes less, specific weight of cottages (or our way manors) increases. Process «flight from cities», let not so obvious as in the West, has not bypassed also Russia. Having got out on the nature, got used to TST the holder of the individual house meets difficulties at once in engineering maintenance. In an average strip of an expense for engineering arrangement are distributed as follows: water supply — 15-20 %, the water drain — 20-25 %, heating — not less than 40 %.
Operation of own miniboiler-house in present economic conditions appears even more cheaply use of heat of the centralised systems. On all occasions, so confirms the statistican. In the centre of Russia at application of own copper the cost price of thermal energy of 1 kw in 2 times more low, than produced by the integrated regional boiler-house.
More often Russians acquire coppers capacity to 20 kw — 40 %, and from 20 to 35 kw — 35 %, coppers of 35-60 kw are established by capacity in 15 %, and more powerful, from 60 kw and more — in 10 % of erected cottages.
Bent for of "autonomism" has not bypassed also a city. Block boiler-houses are used for heating of one or several multiroom buildings. It not only is defensible, but also at times is unique because of gradual vetshaniya systems of the centralised maintenance.

QUESTION: When it is necessary to start building of an individual boiler-house?
The answer: As in the summer many start summer residence or country house building also installation of a copper and all heating system is better to conduct in the summer, during house building. Because for work of heating system it is necessary to lay tens metres of pipes! And if it to do, when house furnish is already finished, it is necessary not to hollow a wall, but also to puzzle over a question, where to put a copper. For now builders have not started erection of walls, assemblers will consider the house plan, will calculate possible teplopoteri, capacity of a copper, quantity of radiators, length of pipes etc. Proceeding from it, will advise to acquire this or that copper.

QUESTION: Prompt, where it is possible to learn the basic requests presented to installation of gas coppers?
The answer: the Basic requests are written down in the Instruction on placing of the thermal units intended for heating and hot water supply.
At placing of a copper by capacity to 60 kw on kitchen the premise should meet following requests:
  • Height not less than 2,5 m;
  • Volume of a premise not less than 15 cubic m plus 0,2 cubic m on 1 kw of capacity of a copper for heating;
  • In kitchen ventilation from account should be provided: an extract in volume of 3-fold air exchange of a premise at o’clock, inflow per volume of an extract plus quantity of air on gas burning;
  • The kitchen should have a window with a window leaf. For an air flow it is necessary to provide in the bottom part of a door a lattice or a backlash with live section not less than 0, 025 m І.

At placing in a separate premise of more powerful coppers (to 150 kw) other requests come into force:
  • The volume and the premise area are designed from conditions of convenient service of thermal units and auxiliaries, but not less than 15 cubic m;
  • The premise should be separated from adjacent premises protecting walls with a limit of fire resistance 0,75 ch, and the limit of distribution of fire on a design to be equaled to zero;
  • Necessarily natural illumination (the settlement area ostekleniya — 0,03 m І on 1 cubic m of volume of a premise) is required.
Source: the Newspaper "Building" #44 (2004) heading «Stroyinform»

It is introduced: on December, 25th, 2006

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