Restavratsiya begins with the base

Restoration of buildings and structures represents rather difficult, complex kind of civil work. Usually it includes preventive actions (repair), preservation, consolidation and renovation (the adaptation to fulfilment of certain operational functions) architecture monuments. These processes make a circle of technical problems of protection of historical monuments. Restoration and strengthening of land and underground designs of buildings to the greatest degree serve preservations of monuments and to extension of their life.

<d>Now there is a set of methods of strengthening of the bases of buildings, however the modern policy in sphere of preservation of a historical and cultural heritage and the accepted restoration criteria essentially influence a choice of a method of stabilisation and corresponding technology of strengthening.

The modern approach to preservation of monuments of architecture is legislatively fixed in “Conventions on protection of an architectural heritage in Europe” (Grenada, 1985), and the basic restoration principles are stated in Athenian (1931) and Venetian (1964) editions “to the International charter on preservation and restoration of monuments and noteworthy places”.

The historicism of consciousness peculiar to modern outlook largely stipulates concept expansion “an architectural heritage”. Specificity of architecture as arts, includes also technical aspects that allows to see in monuments of architecture an embodiment of engineering knowledge of an epoch, level of skill of builders. According to this thesis underground elements of buildings (the bases, substruktsii), constructive methods of improvement gruntov the bases (soil pillows, shpuntovoe a protection, etc.) are classified now as a part of a monument of history and culture. Their change or removal can be made only in exclusive circumstances when threat of existence of a building is obvious.

Integrity of historical structure of the bases at work on strengthening should not be infringed — such is main principle of restoration of a monument, and introduction of new constructive elements should have mainly a temporality. That circumstance should influence tactics of strengthening of the bases, that they on the structure often represent a conglomerate of rocks (valunnaya butovaya a laying, belokamennyie blocks, etc.), meeting in natural exposures. In this connection methods and principles of strengthening of files of rocks can be transferred to area of strengthening and reconstruction of the bases of historical buildings and structures.

Basis of management regenerative and restoration works the last decades is the idea of a sustainable development supplemented with perception of a monument as structurally-spatial system, interacting with environment. Actually it is a question of consideration of object of restoration as difficult prirodno-technical system “a monument — environment” and, accordingly, use of the device of the system analysis based on synthesis as an initial principle of research. On the basis of this all mutual relations between elements are considered with allowance for character of feedback. Thus by main criteria in acceptance of technical decisions in the course of restoration are recognised:
  • The adaptive adaptation based on correction of structure without infringement sistemoobrazuschih of communications;
  • Adequacy of methods and their technical harmony;
  • Preservation of a plan and design features of a monument;
  • Compatibility of materials and their convertibility.

    The formulated requests define the tendency in sphere of the engineering restoration, consisting in strengthening of a role of traditional technologies and materials, proper correlation search between strengthening and preventive actions. The preference is unequivocally given to conservative methods in comparison with difficult technical regenerative works with use of modern materials and methods of strengthening. The most reasonable the choice of that technology which as much as possible corresponds to the internal tendency of development of system “a monument — environment” sees. Consolidation methods, unconditionally, should be approved, and concerning applied materials in Europe the minimum five years’ trial period before their large-scale introduction is established.

    Receptions of strengthening of the bases existing in world practice and the bases are conceptually divided into following groups:
  • Hardening of constructive system of the base;
  • Increase in durability and deformability reduction gruntov the bases;
  • Change of conditions of transfer of pressure upon a ground.

    Unconditional lead among pile methods of strengthening of the bases of monuments of architecture is taken by micropiles. According to recommendations of the European commission, to the given type of piles concern buroin’ektsionnyie piles with a diameter 80 — 200 mm or the piles produced by a different way, with a diameter no more than 150 mm. Their popularity speaks possibility of management works in the constrained conditions, high adaptability to manufacture and profitability, and also loyalty to the developed statics of system (practical absence additional deposits).

    As has shown long-term experience of use of piles of small diameter (for the first time they have been applied by English subsidiary of a company Fondedile in 1962 in Edinburgh), it is necessary to consider following circumstances. In the given design of piles the old base actually turns in rostverk, in this connection maintenance of reliability of rigid fastening in a base body a-main problem for successful use of micropiles in conditions butovoy and polubutovoy layings. In this connection believe, that zadelka piles in a base body should be executed on size of 5 and more its diameters. Besides, in a case zaleganiya thicknesses weak gruntov 10 — 15 m are marked by capacity low bearing ability of a pile because of a small lateral surface. Working conditions of micropiles in length more than 15 m (“the thin flexible core”) in general remain poorly studied, therefore is recommended to limit their length at the trailing working scheme.

    The management concept engineering "behaviour" of historical monuments is formulated under the influence of following preconditions:
    • Evolutionary change of an intense condition gruntov the bases is the reason of deformation of buildings and is practically inevitable in the conditions of active tehnogeneza;
    • The settlement models taken as a principle engineering decisions do not consider to the full existential uncertainty of the geological environment;
    • Piles are represented by the least rational technical reception in the conditions of long (centuries-old) change of the is intense-deformed condition of the bases under load.

    Hence, at the organisation of technical restoration works it is important to use a reserve (restoration) of bearing ability and to reduce deformability gruntov within a zone of interaction of a building or a structure. Among the actions, allowing to realise the given concept, the general recognition of experts use in’ektsionnyie strengthening methods gruntov the bases. Depending on a solved problem and engineering-geological conditions of functioning of a monument of architecture following technological schemes are applied: in’ektsirovanie (continuous radial impregnation); a sealing injection; reinforcing of a ground on the basis of an explosive injection and jet technology conceptually close to them.

    In modern practice of realisation of restoration works technical actions are their most responsible part. Now the majority of standard and legal documents in the field of preservation of a historical and cultural heritage carry the base and substruktsii in its basis to a category of a protected monument. In this connection the available numerous arsenal of methods of strengthening of the bases and the basis of buildings and structures should satisfy including to restoration requests.A.A.Nikiforov,
    kand.geol.-mineral.nauk     Source: "the Building Expert" #14 (2003)

    It is introduced: on December, 03rd, 2003

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