Naruzhnyie ladders

As the architectural element of source space of a building, an outside ladder is a link of its function chart, promotes input accentuation, (ex-terrier) and internal (interior) space serves as composite communication between external, carries out communication of architectural volume with surrounding landscape, and is capable not only to underline the general style decision of the house, but also to give to its artistic image originality and harmonious completeness.

 At building of the modern house it is practically imposible to do without a structure of an outside ladder, especially if the territory adjoining to the house, has differences on height. And the input in the house very often assumes availability of a ladder march (let and small) out of the house. Such outside ladder with accompanying elements (a platform before an input in the house, a peak or a canopy over it, perilnoe a protection etc.) is referred to also as a source ladder or a porch.

Outside ladders can connect also among themselves and various levels (floors) of the house, for example, according to an architectural plan. And firemen possessed also outside of a building intend for the utilitarian purposes, evakuatsionnyie, economic ladders.

As internal ladders in the house connect among themselves possessed the friend over the friend and one near other unequal height levels for convenient and a reliable information between them, and the outside ladders possessed at an input in the house, block a difference between level of district surrounding the house and a floor line in dwelling.

Division of outside ladders into groups can be based on distinction of the form of a platform which is surrounded with steps (unlike interernyih the ladders which form is stipulated more often by the vertical planes forming ladder space). The platform form stipulates the march form, and on the contrary.

Distinguish following forms of platforms: square, rectangular, cut, semicircular or semioval, curvilinear.
Marches on the outlines happen rectilinear and curvilinear. Ladders with curvilinear marches (with zabezhnyimi steps) are subdivided on one-mid-flight and two-mid-flight. There are also outside ladders to a combination of marches of rectilinear and curvilinear outlines.



On a relative positioning of marches outside ladders are subdivided into the marches going: in a direction one to other; in opposite directions; under a right angle one to other; under any corners one to other; in parallel directions.

In relation to a plane of a facade classification formoobrazovaniya these ladders the following: the profile; the face-to-face; is face-to-face-profile.

The outside ladder - one of the major elements of appearance of a building, and except the basic functional purpose as link of communications, serves as the decorative element partially forming external shape of a building. Successfully or unsuccessfully planned and executed ladder is capable to underline in the first case talent of the architect, ability of the builder, taste and individuality of the holder, and in the second - absence at least one of these dignities.

Depending on degree of inclusion of ladders in a building composition, it is defined organichnost their interrelations. This organichnost is caused by unity of the general composite idea taken as a principle of an architectural structure. In an architecturally-art composition of a building of a ladder execute volume-plastic or spatial functions. They or belong to a building as to the closed organism, or expand sphere of spatial effect of a building.

At a deep composition of a ladder acquire signs of the spatial organisation. At a face-to-face composition of a building outside ladders should be two-dimensional - plane. A habitat environment (the relief, a climate, the vegetation, surrounding building) dictates spatial character and a composite-art theme of all structure.

In turn, the coordination of character of an ex-terrier and an interior also supplies organichnost perceptions, and the outside ladder creates such functionally composite unity, by means of a difference of levels supplying entering into the house course of transition from one space to other (the moment of transition of the review). The outside ladders closely adjoining a building, simplify communications of spaces.

The form of separate parts of a ladder can and not express essence of the style decision, but set, the majority of these details already defines a style orientation to which also all building, as a rule, gravitates. The volume-spatial or is decorative-art concept of this or that stylistic epoch defines system of construction of outside ladders, and also character of their separate parts.

 In the best architectural samples of country houses, country houses and private residences - and in the past, and our days - significance of the central input was underlined and underlined by an outside smart ladder, the sizes, the form and which arrangement give smoothness of visual transition from building volume to surrounding space.

Outside ladders on the back facade paid in depth of a personal plot (in a garden), look less a parabottom and solemnly; after all their basic function - to serve binding by between inhabited volume of the house and surrounding nature, to unite the house and a garden in harmonious and complete architecturally-decorative uniformity, forming in variety of cases functional and style unity with garden ladders, ramps, terraces, retaining walls, parapets, descents to reservoirs and garden paths. All transferred architectural forms concern elements of architectural processing of a relief; the flat landscape has not enough human scale, therefore such scale can be created and artificial.

On proportions outside ladders for maloetazhnogo buildings, unlike monumental, having other somasshtabnost in relation to the person, practically do not differ from ladders internal. A parity of width appear also heights podstupenka an outside ladder as it is defined by the standard formulas (all of them settle up proceeding from an average of a step of the person). Differences of an outside ladder from the internal are defined basically by environmental conditions in which these ladders are. The basic feature of outside ladders is susceptibility to adverse atmospheric effects, such as differences of temperatures, deposits in the form of a rain and snow, a sunlight, and also to seasonal mechanical fluctuations of a ground. These effects can lead to deformations, and in extreme cases - and to destruction of the basic constructive elements of a ladder.

In this connection in necessary cases application of sheetings, the system of an additional waterproofing and constructive strengthening of a ladder is required.

Outside ladders are building designs. They should answer not only to aesthetic requests, but also certain technical specifications to be convenient and reliable, to ensure safety of movement on them. The modern market of building services is capable to satisfy the most exacting inquiries and allows to embody qualitatively and economically in a reality any, even the most courageous, building plan: from a small country cottage till the impressive sizes of a private residence. It to the full concerns and ladders.

The choice of a material for their building and a registration variant can be diverse enough and depends on many factors, beginning from desire and financial possibilities of customers (holders) of the house and to degree of imagination of the executor. Ladders can be produced of any material, including ferro-concrete, a natural and artificial stone, a brick, metal, or with application of a combination of two or several materials. The tree is used less often: for prevention of rotting the wood applied at manufacturing of outside ladders, should be processed antiseptics; in addition to it outside ladders from a tree are recommended to be painted waterproof paints, and considering fire danger - and to impregnate with fireproof structures (antipirenami).

The surface of steps can be covered by finishing decorative materials. At a choice of a material of facing it is necessary to think of safety of steps in a cold or rainy season, having preferred materials with rough, protivoskolzyaschey a surface. Otherwise ice or water on a surface of steps do their slippery, reducing safety of use and raising probability of falling and trauma reception. For granite, marble, other stone steps there are methods of mechanical or thermal drawing of microroughnesses, there are also strips from special protivoskolzyaschego (frictional) material, steps fastening on edge, and some outside ladders are equipped with the system of heating for staivaniya ice.

In simple cases when the source ladder is insignificant, possessed about a wall and has no more than two steps, it is enough to manufacture from a wall some numbers of bricks or stones in the form of consoles, for podderzhivaniya these steps; if the source ladder consists more than of two steps and, besides, has a platform the system of the separate base to it is obligatory. Such bases do in the form of the independent basic wall parallel to walls of a building, or in the form of the separate perpendicular bases to a building, on which opirayut steps and platforms.

Protection of outside ladders usually do or in the form of a continuous massive wall, it is frequent from a stone processed according to a socle of a building, or in the form of a figured handrail and a balustrade.

From all steps water drainage should be provided. In the elementary case, at the small size of a ladder and small quantity of steps, is admissible to stack steps with a small bias outside from the house, taking away water directly on them. It is More rational to take away water on special trays which arrange about lateral protections of a ladder. Such trays are arranged in the form of the deepenings opened or closed by lattices in steps. For the tax of water from steps in step trays should be laid with corresponding biases in a direction to a tray. Water on trays is taken away in the storm water drain.

While in service outside ladders as building designs it is necessary to take measures on their preservation, repair, removal of defects and preventive maintenance of their occurrence. Depending on designs of ladders these measures can be different.

In ladders from national teams kosourov and steps there can be a frustration of places of interface of these elements: places opiraniya the ends kosourov on podkosournyie beams, steps on kosouryi, raised deformativnost kosourov, destruction of steps; in monolithic designs - cracks owing to internal pressure, external transhipments, or the emptiness (cavities) formed in the course of manufacturing. As a rule, defects such can be found out easily at regular external survey and to eliminate immediately, not to admit the further development of damage.

Hand-rail of ladders should be reliably fixed in a step by privarivaniya to mortgage details or installation of racks in deepenings (nest) with concreting. A handrail should contain in a serviceable condition, on them there should not be hollows, having chopped off, able to cause traumas. If a ladder the small child independently uses, the system of an additional auxiliary hand-rail at height convenient for it is expedient.

Having chopped off and hollows in steps, restoration protivoskolzyaschih surfaces also it is necessary to do repair urgently. Wooden elements of ladders should be checked on availability of rotting, rassyihaniya, istiraniya, and if necessary to be replaced.

Observance such simple, but useful rules will relieve further of efforts on replacement enough a difficult design, and will allow a ladder to serve regularly long years.
Source: http://www.houses.ru