Effektivnyie technologies of fastening of designs to walls of buildings from various materials

Introduction.

One of prominent features of modern buildings and structures is registration of facades with use of new systems of the facings which fastening to walls should, irrespective of building height, supply perception with them of various kinds of loads.

Besides, application new stenovyih materials at realisation of overhaul and reconstruction of existing buildings requires use of the constructive systems supplying a reliable communication of new elements (systems) with existing designs of a builing. Such elements are skeletons of hinged facing systems, the building woods established for work on repair and restoration, liftovoe the equipment, building lifts etc.

The given problem becomes complicated an essential variety of materials of walls of existing and again erected buildings (heavy, easy concrete, keramzitobeton, kladochnyie materials – hollow, the corpulent ceramic brick), thus not the last role plays also a technical condition outside stenovyih designs. As have shown tests, feature Russian kladochnyih materials consists that they essentially differ from foreign analogues on the heterogeneity and a variety. Now in the building market there was a considerable quantity of firms and the factories manufacturing a brick and stones, on quality not always meeting the requirements both Russian, and foreign norms. Besides, at application as filling in outside walls high-rise frame buildings of blocks from lungs, including from the cellular concrete having high teploizolyatsionnyimi characteristics at small durability and density, there are problems of maintenance of reliable fastening in them of facing and heater designs. Especially if facing is established on otnose from a wall.

Necessity of the decision indicated above problems puts before designers questions as required and to a choice ankernyih elements, optimum from the point of view of simplicity and reliability of fastening, and also possibility of an estimation of durability of fastening of designs with their help.

Now there are no recommendational documents regulating area and conditions of application of anchors for fastening of designs to walls from various materials.

Available researches concern, basically, to work of anchors on having dug from monolithic concrete [1].

Choice of a direction of researches of types of anchors for fastening of designs

In State Unitary Enterprise TSNIISK of V.A.Kucherenko with the assistance of firm MUNGO the complex of tests according to durability and deformativnosti fastenings of anchors in walls from various materials [2, 4, 5] is executed.

Researches were conducted in Laboratory of tests of designs TSNIISKa. For tests experimental samples of columns from various kladochnyih materials have been produced. The experimental equipment included a power-plant (a jack with station of giving of pressure) and the measuring equipment - indicators of hour type with the price of division of 0.01 mm, (fig. 1).

For tests types widely used in the building organisations raspornyih firm MUNGO anchors, (fig. 2) have been selected:

  • The metal anchors MSS consisting from metal dyubelya and a carving hairpin;
  • The plastic anchors MU consisting from raspornogo plastic dyubelya and a metal carving screw.

Selection of types of anchors was made for tests proceeding from simplicity of installation, reliability of fastening and mass application by civil engineering firms of Moscow, with allowance for economic indicators.

Experimental researches were conducted on walls from various materials.

The program of tests included research of features of work of anchors of the indicated types at action:
  • Longitudinal concerning an axis of an anchor of the forces, causing having dug an anchor from a laying (or its rupture);
  • And cross-section concerning an axis of an anchor of the forces causing local smyatie layings under an anchor (or an anchor cut).

The purpose of researches:
  • Definition prochnostnyih and deformativnyih characteristics ankernyih fastenings at action longitudinal concerning an anchor axis (effort vyiryiva) and cross-section (cutting off effort) forces. Variants zadelki anchors were thus considered:

  • In samples from keramzitobetona class V7.5;
  • In samples from heavy concrete of class V25;
  • In a laying from a ceramic brick of mark of M 100;
  • In rastvornyiy a seam of a laying of mark M75;
  • In a laying from a hollow ceramic brick of mark M125 (in lozhkovuyu and tyichkovuyu brick sides);
  • In samples from cellular concrete M35.

  • The analysis of work of anchors at them zadelke in walls from various materials in the course of the appendix to them of load;
  • Appointment of settlement efforts on ankernoe fastening at action longitudinal and cross-section concerning an axis of an anchor of forces;
  • Installation of a scope for each of the considered types of anchors.

    At tests of anchors diameter of an anchor varied. For tests following anchors have been selected: MU 8/50, MU 12/70 and MSS M8/50, M12/70.
    In the course of assemblage of samples anchors were established on standard depth in apertures carefully cleaned from a dust. Installation of anchors was carried out by experts of firm MUNGO according to installation rules on each type of an anchor [3].
    Technique of realisation of tests
    During tests load on an anchor moved the steps making approximately 8-10 % from a prospective ultimate load. Nagruzhenie anchors it was carried out in three stages:
    At the first stage nagruzhenie it was made to size of approximately corresponding 10-15 % from a prospective ultimate load, unloading of the experimental sample with fixing of size of residual deformations ankernogo knot further was made;
    At the second stage nagruzhenie it was made by a step-by-step method to the size corresponding approximately of 40-45 % from a prospective ultimate load;
    Table 1
    Concrete 25

    Keramzitobeton B10

    Ceramic brick M100

    Pustotelnyiy ceramic brick M125

    Solution of seam M75 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 5.5

    At the third stage nagruzhenie an anchor it was made by a step-by-step method till the destruction moment ankernogo knot (vyityagivaniya an anchor from a material of the sample, or rupture of metal of a screw of an anchor).
    Measuring devices were established in the planes, allowing to measure horizontal and vertical deformations ankernogo fastenings at moving in directions perpendicular to the sample (tests on having dug), and along the sample (tests for cross-section force).
    In the course of tests durability ankernyih the fastenings established in walls from various materials, was carried out as directly in a body of a brick (block), and in rastvornyiy a seam of a laying from solutions of various durability. At use of a hollow ceramic brick anchor installation was made up and down emptiness (in lozhkovuyu and tyichkovyie brick sides).
    Tests for action longitudinal concerning an axis of an anchor of forces.

    Work ankernyih connections MU and MSS can be characterised as follows:
    • At increase in load to the size making approximately 0.6Nrazv, there is a smooth increase of deformations to load stabilisation at each stage nagruzheniya.
    • At the further increase in load intensive increase of deformations and destruction ankernogo fastenings (fig. 3) is observed. Thus destruction ankernogo knot occurs or:
      • Because of destruction of a material of the sample in a zone of anchoring with cone formation vyiryiva;
      • Because of vyityagivaniya an anchor from the experimental sample together with raspornyim dyubelem.

    By results of tests, proceeding from conditions of maintenance of operational reliability ankernogo fastenings, the stock factor on a material for the investigated types of anchors of firm MUNGO is accepted according to the data resulted in table 1.

    The limiting size of deformations ankernogo fastenings starts equal Δp=2 mm. The indicated size of deformations (movings) of an anchor does not influence field performances of systems which fasten to designs of structures. Thus, settlement load on anchor Nrov is defined by following two limiting conditions:
    • Deformations at settlement load Δrov< Δp=2mm (maximum permissible deformations);
    • Nrov< Nrv = Nrazv/kb.

    Tests for action cross-section concerning an axis of an anchor of forces.

    The analysis of work of anchors is carried similarly out at action cross-section concerning an axis of an anchor of forces.
    • At increase in load to the size making  0.4Nrazs, there is a smooth increase of deformations to load stabilisation at each stage nagruzheniya.
    • At the further increase in load there is an intensive increase of deformations and destruction ankernogo fastenings (fig. 3b) because of:
      • Cut of a metal carving hairpin, smyatiya plastic dyubelya and a material of the sample in an anchoring zone;
      • Bend of a metal carving hairpin, smyatiya plastic dyubelya and a material of the sample under an anchor and gradual vyityagivanie an anchor from the sample.

    Proceeding from conditions of maintenance of operational reliability ankernogo fastenings we accept stock factor on a material it agree to table 1 data. The limiting size of deformations of an anchor in all cases starts equal Δp=2mm. Thus, settlement load on anchor Nros is defined by following two limiting conditions:
    • Deformations at settlement load Δrov< Δp=2mm (maximum permissible deformations);
    • Nros< Nrs = Nrazs/kb.

    The analysis of results of experimental researches

    Destruction schemes ankernogo fastenings are received and graphic dependences of deformations on load for the tested types of anchors are constructed at their work in various stenovyih materials at various variants of power effect on anchors (fig. 3).

    Supposed limiting and settlement loads and deformations depending on a material of walls and type of anchors are established.

    On tests of the anchors established in samples from a hollow ceramic brick, data about durability and deformativnosti ankernyih fastenings are obtained at installation of anchors in lozhkovuyu and tyichkovuyu brick sides. It is thus established, that at zadelke anchors in lozhkovuyu a side of a ceramic hollow brick (hollowness of 25 %) bearing ability of anchors on 30-40 % above, than at installation in tyichkovuyu a brick side. Indicated it is connected with a geometrical arrangement of emptiness, thickness of walls of a brick, and also depth zadelki anchors.

    The obtained data have allowed:
    • To establish a scope of anchors of firm MUNGO of various types;
    • Efficiency of application of anchors in walls from various materials;
    • To define conditions at which the operational reliability of system including existing designs of walls is supplied, applied designs of anchors;
    • Sizes of limiting deformations at which the operational requirements presented to given designs by norms from the point of view heating engineers are supplied, sound insulation and their durability are established.

    Conclusions
    • The received tables and graphic dependences of deformations on load for the tested anchors of firm MUNGO and dependences of load on diameter and depth zadelki anchors can be recommended for practical application.

    • The received experimental data were used on a number under construction and reconstructed objects of Moscow, including at installation of systems of "ventilated" facades “DIAT”.
    • Now on the basis of results of the received researches work on drawing up of Recommendations on application of anchors in walls from various materials is conducted.
    • Metal raspornyie anchors MUNGO (MSS) M8, M12 are recommended for application:
      • In keramzitobetone V7.5;
      • Concrete V25;
      • In a laying of walls from ceramic brick M100;
      • In a solution of a seam of M 75.

    • At installation of anchors (MSS, MU) in a laying of walls from a hollow ceramic brick (M125) and at installation in rastvornyiy the laying seam is recommended to conduct additional tests according to durability and deformativnosti the given type ankernogo fastenings in each concrete case.

    • Raspornyie plastic anchors MUNGO (MU) are recommended for application:
      • In a laying of walls from ceramic brick M100, M 200;
      • In a solution of a seam of M 75;
      • In heavy concrete V25.

    • Use dyubelya MU is not recommended:
      • In yacheistobetonnyih blocks durability on compression of 35 kg with/sm2 and less.

    • It is necessary to notice, that in connection with absence of the standard documents regulating a design procedure of bearing ability ankernyih of fastenings, depending on type of anchors and a material of walls any replacement of the anchors, passed experimental researches on conformity cheaper and not having certificates can lead to infringement of operational reliability of mounted designs.

    The literature list.
    • G.I.Shapiro, V.I.Jagust durability of a flat concrete element at action of the concentrated effort in its plane. Sb. Works “Research of bearing concrete and ferro-concrete designs of modular many-storeyed buildings”,
      M. of 1980

    • The dissertation of State Unitary Enterprise TSNIISK of V.A.Kucherenko Pavlova M. O “Durability and deformativnost layings of walls from various materials in a zone zadelki anchors at action on them of longitudinal and cross-section forces”, M. of 2000
    • Catalogue MUNGO, 2001
    • State Unitary Enterprise TSNIISK of V.A.Kucherenko, the Scientific and technical report on a theme: “Research of durability and deformativnosti fastenings MU-S of firm Mungo Befestigungstechnik AG in walls from various kladochnyih materials at action of longitudinal and cross-section forces”, M, 2001
    • State Unitary Enterprise TSNIISK of V.A.Kucherenko, the Scientific and technical report on a theme: “Research of durability and deformativnosti anchors MSS of firm Mungo Befestigungstechnik AG established in walls from various kladochnyih of materials at action of longitudinal and cross-section forces”, M. of 2002

    M. of Island PAVLOVA, kand.tehn.nauk (State Unitary Enterprise TSNIISK of V.A.Kucherenko),
    A.G. AKSENOVA, (firm MUNGO)     Source: «the Building expert» #1 (2003)

    It is introduced: on February, 20th, 2003

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