Betonyi on the basis of extending knitting

Working out extending knitting, increasing in volume in process tverdeniya, and especially straining cement (NTS), allows not only to solve indemnification problem usadki, but also to supply at concrete expansion on its basis a simultaneous tension possessed in it and saving with it armature coupling. Thus in concrete arise pressure of compression counterbalancing them - self-pressure. It is important to notice, that the armature is stretched irrespective of a direction of the arrangement that allows to create dvuhosnoe and volue self-pressure of designs.

At concrete on NTS durability on compression usually makes 40-70 MPa, thus durability growth rather intensively proceeds and after 28 days. At these concrete the durability raised on 20-30 % on a stretching (in comparison with concrete on portladtsemente equal durability on compression), that in a combination to self-pressure gives to designs the raised treshchino-firmness.
Cement stone NTS and concrete on its basis thanks to the structure condensed as a result of growth of crystals gidrosulfoalyuminatov of calcium, "reinforcing" a cement stone, are practically water-proof (W 12 … 20), as has found reflexion in SNiP 2 (p. 13). Gas permeability of straining concrete approximately in 40 times is less, than heavy concrete on portlandtsemente.
Thanks to the dense structure concrete on NTS have the raised corrosion firmness, including in sulphatic environments.
The durability of ferro-concrete designs in climatic conditions of our country largely is defined by frost resistance of concrete. Concrete on NTS both on heavy, and on easy fillers have high frost resistance (F300 … 500).
At these concrete higher coupling with old concrete that is especially important at fulfilment of repair-regenerative works and strengthening of designs.
The indicated properties of concrete on NTS have allowed to apply with success them in modular both monolithic designs and structures in various areas of building. The accumulated practical experience of application of such concrete testifies, that in most cases their use gives the chance to erect designs and the structures surpassing on technical and the field performances analogues from concrete on portlandtsemente.
In building practice apply as straining concrete to reception of the rationed size of self-pressure, and concrete with compensated usadkoy in which self-pressure is not rationed. The defined scopes of self-intense ferro-concrete constantly extend.
Application of such concrete in designs and structures to which high demands on treschinostoykosti are made, water resistance and durability is especially effective: capacities of different function, including treatment facilities, pump stations and swimming pools; underground designs of buildings and structures, including tunnels of undergrounds; pipes pressure head and beznapornyie,
Including big diameters (to 6); designs of the big extent – covers of flat roofs, including maintained, airdromes, roads, bridges, tribunes of stadiums, the basis of artificial skating paths and fields; floors of civil and industrial buildings, including shops myasopererabatyivayuschih combines; sborno-monolithic trailing covers of covers of the big flights; legkobetonnyie elements of residential buildings: walls, plates modular bespokrovnoy roofs, and also balconies and loggias; omonolichivanie the modular bases under powerful turbine units, protective structures against radionuklidov, consolidation of butt connections, repair-regenerative works. In these structures it is especially high-grade it is used raised treschinostoykost and water resistance, and also firmness of concrete at many kinds of corrosive attacks, as at the expense of dense structure, and features of himiko-mineralogical structure of cement stone NTS, in particular degrees of coherence of aluminates of calcium with sulphates that is important for its maintenance sulfatostoykosti.
In the eighties volumes of production and application NTS regularly increased in various areas of building and have exceeded 1 million t in a year. Manufacturing NTS has been run in by a number of factories in various regions of the country – Ust-Kamenogorskim, Voskresensky, Kramatorsky, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Pashijsky, Volkovyssky, Podolsk, etc.
By this time thanks to the complex researches conducted NIIZHBom, the standard base for designing, manufacturing and application of designs from concrete on NTS has been completely generated. In the course of researches the technique of definition of the new characteristic of concrete – self-pressure has been developed become then standard.
Pertinently to name some of the objects constructed in those years from self-intense ferro-concrete, considering their long-term reliable and bezremontnuyu operation till today.
Three turns Novosibirsk gorvodozabora, each of which includes technological capacities in volume on 100-150 thousand cubic m, are successfully maintained more than 30 years. The same concerns and to executed in the seventies from concrete on NTS to treatment facilities in Ust Kamenogorsk, in diameter including modular cylindrical sediment bowls 18 and 24 m, underground chambers and modular sewer pump station in diameter of designs of 24 m. Sbornost on the basis of self-strained styikovaniya has allowed to reduce essentially at the expense of building acceleration expenses for water fall. The next years similar complexes, zaglublennyie which designs are exposed to effect of aggressive technological environments and subsoil waters, were executed and in other regions of the country (Sowing. Caucasus, Siberia, the Volga region, Belarus, etc.).
On the basis of this experience Rostov Vodokanalproektom including NIIZHBa it is developed tiporyad experimental modular primary and secondary cylindrical sediment bowls in diameter 9, 18, 24, 30 and 40 m, without navivki ring high-strength armature and torkretirovaniya. These projects have been recommended by Gosstroy to wide application as the typical.
In a trailing cover of cover of tent type in diameter of 160 m (garage on 500 buses in Kiev, 1972g.) necessary preliminary pressure has been supplied at zamonolichivanii designs by filling in certain sequence of radial and ring seams straining concrete. Otherwise to create necessary prepressure of this design, considering its form and the sizes (the area of a cover 20000 m2) it has practically appeared it is unreal. Concrete of radial seams thanks to dense structure and absence of cracks has supplied safety of the rope possessed in seams in diameter of 65 mm, defining durability of a design of cover.
In connection with preparation for realisation Olimpiadyi-80 main sports arenas in Moscow and in Leningrad have been reconstructed and swimming pools of the various sizes are constructed. Tribunes of stadiums which simultaneously are a maintained roof for podtribunnyih premises, represent not cutting step self-intense plate performing functions of the bearing design and the hydroisolating carpet. Concrete application on NTS has allowed to supply water resistance of designs and operation normal conditions podtribunnyih premises without use of a special waterproofing. The next years on the developed technology tribunes of stadiums in Tashkent, Yerevan, by S.Peterburge, Ryazan, Tula and other cities have been erected.
The last years along with NTS the wide circulation has received use of expanding additives – RD. The additive enter directly into the amalgamator at preparation of a concrete mix in normirovannom (in advance picked up) parity with portlandtsementom (within 7-15 %).
In Nizhni Novgorod building of a sports complex «Sormovo» with the artificial ice field largest in Europe in the form of an ellipse with the sizes in the plan 186h74 the m, including a skating path in length of 400 m. the Technological (cooling) plate in which pipes hladonositelya are possessed is finished, executed by the seamless. That in a plate of so significant sizes to avoid formation of cracks from usadki and temperature deformations, it is executed from concrete with compensated usadkoy. Besides, between a technological plate and a basis plate sliding layers which urged to minimise a friction between plates at deformation of the top plate place. It is necessary to notice, that at designing and erection of an ice field «Sormovo» the experience of erection of artificial skating paths accumulated in our country and fields, since 1972g has been considered., when the well-known skating rink «Medeo» has been reconstructed. Concrete has been applied to a technological plate «Medeo» on NTS for the purpose of an exception in it of cross-section deformation seams that became possible thanks to self-pressure creation in a plate design. It as a result has improved quality of ice cover and promoted that on «Medeo» is established in skating sports more than 200 world records – more than on all other ice arenas of the world together taken!
In Moscow on the area of Kursk station the seven-story building of a trading-improving complex, from which three – underground is constructed. In the building basis – a base plate the 15 thousand area m2 which was erected from concrete with compensated usadkoy with the system of three inserts from straining concrete which were concreted in the last turn. Use of straining concrete was necessary for maintenance of solidity and treschinostoykosti plates at the expense of self-pressure of concrete of inserts, obzhatiya zones of contact of adjoining plots, reliable coupling of concrete of the basic file of a plate and inserts. Seams for the inserts, divided all plate on concreting zones, had width and height of 1 m; the plate armature in seams did not interrupt. Specially conducted hydraulic tests of joints on contact to inserts ascertained their water resistance.
Pertinently to remind, that base plates from concrete on NTS, erected at building in 1983-85 of of buildings of international banks on the Novokirovsky prospectus in Moscow, are successfully maintained, supplying water resistance.
In a building the CURRENT is erected from straining concrete a swimming pool by the area 400 m2. The made constructive decision, including interface of walls and the bottom, the technology of concreting and care of concrete in a combination to properties of concrete have allowed to receive a bath of pool of excellent quality.
For tap of rain water and thawing snow from the huge area svetoprozrachnogo covers of trading complex Gostinyiy the Court yard (Moscow) on cover perimetre is arranged a water modular tray from self-intense ferro-concrete which successfully executes the functions including during winter time, thanks to the provided system teploobogreva concrete and funnels of an internal drain.
Wide application concrete with compensated usadkoy find at erection of floors of industrial buildings, in particular – the enterprises myasopererabatyivayuschey the industries. It is necessary to mean, that designs in such buildings constantly are exposed to effect of industrial excited environments in the form of fat acids, water solutions of various salts, and also temperaturno-vlazhnostnyh the factors causing intensive corrosion of materials. Use of concrete with compensated usadkoy has allowed to erect proof covers on a number Moscow myasopererabatyivayuschih combines: «KampoMos», "Welkom", Tagansky, Lianozovsky. The first turn of covers of such floors, erected at combine "KampoMos", is maintained 7 years and yet does not require repair.

Rather an effective utilisation extending knitting for dry mixes. Waterproofing fine-grained dry mixes on such knitting have strictly picked up fraktsionirovannyiy structure of fillers and have high durability with adjustable speed of its set. The scope of such mixes is wide enough and is defined by properties, basic of which, except durability, are: absence usadki at tverdenii a solution, and as consequence – absence of cracks, water resistance, active rate of a set of durability at low positive temperatures (5 … 120S), paropronitsaemost, the raised frost resistance. The fine-grained concrete prepared from dry waterproofing mixes, it is better some usual fine-grained concrete at the expense of stable structure and effective mixing, optimum granulometricheskogo structure of fillers, constant knitting.
Under metal frames of a glass dome the CURRENT on the area of Kursk station has been applied to sauces concrete from such dry mixes for dense impenetrable ravnoprochnogo a butt element between a frame and overlapping. Width of a joint of 50-80 mm, its filling it was carried out by concrete on litevoy technologies with application plastifitsiruyuschih additives. One of advantages of all concrete on NTS is maintenance of a passive condition of steel armature during all billing period of service of designs because of the practical tightness and high firmness to various aggressive effects. This property has appeared decisive at a choice of a material for sauces.
Now the problem of repair, reconstruction, strengthening of designs, including while in service, without a production stop is especially actual. The raised coupling with old concrete, effect of expansion and raspora in adjacent elements allow new concrete on NTS at once to join in joint perception of load, partially unloading the basic design. In capacitor, underground, protecting designs their water resistance simultaneously can be restored.
On the Moscow thermal power station-22 repair gradirni by the height 60 m which have reached the resource (~ 36 years) has been executed. As a result of very rigid temperaturno-damp operational mode including direct effect of hot water and temperature difference in tens of degrees, in the bottom circle of a cover gradirni took place otsloenie a protective layer of concrete with an armature exposure. Repair was executed by installation of additional armature on the bottom belt of a cover with torkretirovaniem this belt a solution on NTS, and strengthening of columns.
It is necessary to notice, that rather an effective utilisation of concrete with compensated usadkoy and in maloetazhnom building, including in individual (cellars, roofs, garages, pools), considering the possibilities which have opened recently of acquisition of straining cement and expanding additive in retail trade.
Operating experience of buildings and the structures constructed with application of concrete on NTS with 1965g., has shown their high reliability, the further increase of bearing ability (growth of durability of concrete to 100 MPa and more), practical absence of working costs during all service life of designs. Concrete on the basis of extending and straining cements open new possibilities in building, and absolutely fairly Congress FIB in Washington in 1997 named straining concrete a XXI-st century material.
OF M. MARTIROSOV,
L.I. BUDAGYANTS, L.A.TITOV,
Cand.Tech.Sci., NIIZHB Source: "the Building Expert" #18

It is introduced: on January, 23rd, 2003

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