Arhitekturnyiy style of a window
Dwellings of our far ancestors practically had no windows. In spite of the fact that the first similarity of a window in the form of a simple aperture in a wall has appeared in days of a neolith, many ancient civilisations had about it no submission, and dwellings of some people (a yurta, tents, wigwams) and have to this day only an aperture for an input of people or a smoke exit. In ancient Rome and Egypt light could get only through an internal court yard. In the ancient East instead of windows within the precincts of houses made acoustica apertures which placed highly over the earth. In houses and temples of the Ancient Greece of windows in habitual understanding of this word also did not exist. They were replaced with narrow cracks or apertures in a roof through which air and light got. For the first time the big windows leaving on the sea, have appeared in suburban terms in Pompey.
In Russia in an extreme antiquity there were viewing aired windows which were cut through in two logs to half of log. Them named volokovyimi as they "were clouded" from within by a board. For the winter the frame was inserted into a window (okonnitsa) with the bull or fish bubble oiled by a canvas or slices of mica.
During an epoch of Byzantium of a window have the narrow extended form with zakrugleniem in the top part. Already in those days architects skilfully regulated light exposure in temples and houses, skilfully possessing group of windows on perimetre of a building or in its dome on purpose to create sensation of ease and lightness (the Cathedral of Sacred Sofia in Constantinople).
In the dwelling Middle Ages did not differ architectural izyiskami. On the contrary, for Romance or as it named Englishmen, normannskogo style severity and asketichnost was characteristic. Time dictated the conditions, and strong locks of feudal lords represented the strengthened citadels with small narrow windows which in case of an attack could execute function of loopholes. It is possible to see such windows in the White Tower in the London Tower, constructed in X century. In Romance the period there are first glazed windows.
To Christianity distribution to Europe there is a gradual submission of architecture of religion which completely rejects the human beginning. On change to Romance style the gothic style with its fashion on incorporeality and the extended forms comes. Buildings, and with them and all their elements, as though aspire up, to the God. Lancet arch apertures place highly from the earth and are decorated by surprising stained-glass windows on the beauty, collected of multi-coloured glasses and illustrating legends Shabby and the New testament. A characteristic element of a Gothic temple is vitrazhnoe the window "rose" which is giving rise to associations with a symbol of soldiers-tamplierov. Vivid examples of Gothic style - the Cathedral of the Parisian mother of god in Paris and a cathedral in Cologne. In a late ("burning") gothic style the form of window apertures reminds tongues of flame (church Sen-Maklu in Rouen).
The Renaissance which has come in the stead to a gothic style confirms freedom from religious dogmas and value of the human person. XV century returns interest to an antique heritage in which basis classical forms laid, symmetry and feeling of harmony. Windows of buildings of this period lose the raised shape and acquire the rectangular form, and glasses in them become transparent. In XV century in Italy there were the windows divided into three parts by cover in the form of a cross.
As is known, the nature develops from simple to the difficult. The same law is fair and for architecture. In XVI century on change to the Renaissance the "freakish" Baroque taste gravitating to use of refined decorative forms comes. Baroque is distinguished by dynamism, a variety, an expression, gravitation to splendour. In architecture of this period the curve becomes a composite dominant. Windows of buildings of that time have the various geometrical form: a circle, an ellipse etc. the big windows some times divided by covers of a different thickness and a design are typical For baroque. During this period appear raspashnyie designs of windows, and also double osteklenie. In XVII century there is a new production process of flat glasses. Thanks to it in France appears more and more transparent windows of the big size which began about a floor and became known all over the world as French.
On baroque change classical forms with their clearness and laconicism come. Classicism of the beginning of XIX century is distinguished by simplicity, severity and monumentalism. In a lay-out of buildings symmetry and correctness of forms, and also use of the architectural elements existing during the antique period (columns, porticoes) is observed. During this period of a window take a modern form. They have the classical rectangular form and two pairs covers. Also windows with gorbyilkami on the bottom shutters or with the bent window crosspieces are extended.
From the middle XIX and prior to the beginning of the XX-th century architecture in the power of the eclecticism which has incorporated echoes of all styles, successfully combining them for creation of new forms. Failure of strict classical forms and the assertion of creative freedom of architects became main achievement of eclecticism. Thanks to eclecticism, the fashion includes east motives: Mauritian, Chinese, Egyptian etc. As the eclecticism period is necessary for rapid development of the industry, windows acquire exclusively a functional purpose. There are windows with a window leaf, T-shaped cover, and also three-folding windows with big bottom both small and the top shutters.
In the end the XX-th century XIX-beginning there is a modernist style, or Ar-nuvo, the proclaimed failure of right angles and lines in favour of smoother bent forms. The architecture of a modernist style harmoniously combines functionality and an aesthetics. All elements of a building form in the uniform style decision, and at building new technologies and materials (glass, metal) are widely used. In a modernist style well-known Tour d’Eiffel is executed. During this period the strict geometrical form gives way more roundish and smooth. The bright representative of a modernist style Antonio Gaudi safely experimented shape of buildings and the form of windows which seem faster a nature handwork, rather than than the person (the house of Bones, park Guel). In general a huge variety of forms of the window, symbolising aspiration to freedom of self-expression and liberation of spirit is inherent in a modernist style. It was not frequent on one facade of a building even two identical windows.
Since 1910 there is a new direction in architecture under the name a functionalism which is one of modernism branches. On the foreground there is a functionality of a building. It is shown in the system of asymmetrical windows with the big and small shutters. The functionalism of second half of XX-th century uses minimalisticheskie parallelepiped forms, and the basic material for construction of buildings are grey ferro-concrete plates. Buildings of this period - faceless callous constructions with the flat roofs, differing rough furnish. Windows of such houses small, closed and heavy. To uninhabited houses it is applied tape osteklenie.
In 1920-1930 development receives the constructivism characterised by severity, laconicism of forms. In this style catering establishments were executed, working clubs, work palaces etc. in the light of constructivism the window acquires strict geometrical (square or rectangular) the form. Within the limits of this direction with 1919 on 1933 gg arises bauhauz. Ideologists etoog believed directions, that the architecture should be strictly functional, economic and focused on mass production processes.
On change to constructivism magnificent style ar-deko, existing in 20-50th years of the XX-th century comes. Its characteristic lines - ethnic geometrical patterns, a glamour, modern materials (aluminium, stainless steel). In architecture step and zigzag forms, the courageous curves which do not have anything general with smooth and soft lines of a modernist style are widely used. Flat roofs, a free lay-out and tape windows which could be stretched along all facade enter into a fashion. The American branch ar-deko is strimlayn a modernist style. In this style lecture halls of Radio Mjuzik of the Hall and the well-known spike of a skyscraper of a building a Crysler in New York are constructed.
In the end of the XX-th century there is a new direction in architecture - a postmodernism. A vivid example of the building constructed in similar style - the opera House in Sydney. Association of receptions, motives and currents from different epoch for creation of creative space in which semantic images freely intertwine became prominent feature of this style. This direction became in certain degree failure of a functionalism and declaration of the leading part of an aesthetics.
Now the greatest urgency such directions as have acquired neoconstructivism, hi-tech, dekonstruktivizm and biotek, united in group under the name a neomodernism.
Hi-tech - the architectural style which has arisen in 80th years of the XX-th century, perceiving architecture as engineering. In style hi-tech it is possible to allocate buildings easily on a glass and plastic abundance, availability of tubular designs from metal, to wide use of serebristo-metal colour and cubism and constructivism elements. Also for hi-tech typically tape osteklenie or osteklenie surfaces of the big area.
Ultramodern architectural movement bio-flew achieves expressiveness at the expense of drawing of natural forms. This direction is not up to the end generated yet, therefore it does not have no practicality and functionality. The architectural bionics opposes a rectangular design of buildings and curvilinear forms. This direction also has received names "architectural bionics", "eko-flew", "biourbanism". In this style the national space centre of the Great Britain, an art museum in state of Milwaukee, the USA are constructed.
The window has long history. Since time when it was only an aperture in a wall and until when it has acquired a difficult modern design, there have passed many centuries. Today a window not only influence a general impression from a building. Thanks to modern materials and technologies, they supply comfort indoors, regulating temperature and noise level.
Question on what architectural style and type of eurowindows to choose for the house, not from lungs. As shows the experience, one of popular styles of modern cottages is classical with a variety of geometrical forms of windows inherent in it: rectangular, square, arch, round, ellipse, triangular and even the trapezoid. Modern eurowindows can be even vitrazhnyimi.
In Russia also win popularity small cottages in the Scandinavian style in which simplicity and ecological compatibility are inherent. In such houses, as a rule, establish ecologically pure eurowindows with double or threefold ostekleniem.
Houses in a modernist style use wide demand. Windows on a facade of such house can be different.
Recently even more often there are the houses simulating national Russian izbas. In such houses it is possible to establish wooden windows with decorative profiles.
Source: http://www.tzar-okna.ru
Arhitekturnyiy style of a window
In Russia in an extreme antiquity there were viewing aired windows which were cut through in two logs to half of log. Them named volokovyimi as they "were clouded" from within by a board. For the winter the frame was inserted into a window (okonnitsa) with the bull or fish bubble oiled by a canvas or slices of mica.
During an epoch of Byzantium of a window have the narrow extended form with zakrugleniem in the top part. Already in those days architects skilfully regulated light exposure in temples and houses, skilfully possessing group of windows on perimetre of a building or in its dome on purpose to create sensation of ease and lightness (the Cathedral of Sacred Sofia in Constantinople).
In the dwelling Middle Ages did not differ architectural izyiskami. On the contrary, for Romance or as it named Englishmen, normannskogo style severity and asketichnost was characteristic. Time dictated the conditions, and strong locks of feudal lords represented the strengthened citadels with small narrow windows which in case of an attack could execute function of loopholes. It is possible to see such windows in the White Tower in the London Tower, constructed in X century. In Romance the period there are first glazed windows.
To Christianity distribution to Europe there is a gradual submission of architecture of religion which completely rejects the human beginning. On change to Romance style the gothic style with its fashion on incorporeality and the extended forms comes. Buildings, and with them and all their elements, as though aspire up, to the God. Lancet arch apertures place highly from the earth and are decorated by surprising stained-glass windows on the beauty, collected of multi-coloured glasses and illustrating legends Shabby and the New testament. A characteristic element of a Gothic temple is vitrazhnoe the window "rose" which is giving rise to associations with a symbol of soldiers-tamplierov. Vivid examples of Gothic style - the Cathedral of the Parisian mother of god in Paris and a cathedral in Cologne. In a late ("burning") gothic style the form of window apertures reminds tongues of flame (church Sen-Maklu in Rouen).
The Renaissance which has come in the stead to a gothic style confirms freedom from religious dogmas and value of the human person. XV century returns interest to an antique heritage in which basis classical forms laid, symmetry and feeling of harmony. Windows of buildings of this period lose the raised shape and acquire the rectangular form, and glasses in them become transparent. In XV century in Italy there were the windows divided into three parts by cover in the form of a cross.
As is known, the nature develops from simple to the difficult. The same law is fair and for architecture. In XVI century on change to the Renaissance the "freakish" Baroque taste gravitating to use of refined decorative forms comes. Baroque is distinguished by dynamism, a variety, an expression, gravitation to splendour. In architecture of this period the curve becomes a composite dominant. Windows of buildings of that time have the various geometrical form: a circle, an ellipse etc. the big windows some times divided by covers of a different thickness and a design are typical For baroque. During this period appear raspashnyie designs of windows, and also double osteklenie. In XVII century there is a new production process of flat glasses. Thanks to it in France appears more and more transparent windows of the big size which began about a floor and became known all over the world as French.
On baroque change classical forms with their clearness and laconicism come. Classicism of the beginning of XIX century is distinguished by simplicity, severity and monumentalism. In a lay-out of buildings symmetry and correctness of forms, and also use of the architectural elements existing during the antique period (columns, porticoes) is observed. During this period of a window take a modern form. They have the classical rectangular form and two pairs covers. Also windows with gorbyilkami on the bottom shutters or with the bent window crosspieces are extended.
From the middle XIX and prior to the beginning of the XX-th century architecture in the power of the eclecticism which has incorporated echoes of all styles, successfully combining them for creation of new forms. Failure of strict classical forms and the assertion of creative freedom of architects became main achievement of eclecticism. Thanks to eclecticism, the fashion includes east motives: Mauritian, Chinese, Egyptian etc. As the eclecticism period is necessary for rapid development of the industry, windows acquire exclusively a functional purpose. There are windows with a window leaf, T-shaped cover, and also three-folding windows with big bottom both small and the top shutters.
In the end the XX-th century XIX-beginning there is a modernist style, or Ar-nuvo, the proclaimed failure of right angles and lines in favour of smoother bent forms. The architecture of a modernist style harmoniously combines functionality and an aesthetics. All elements of a building form in the uniform style decision, and at building new technologies and materials (glass, metal) are widely used. In a modernist style well-known Tour d’Eiffel is executed. During this period the strict geometrical form gives way more roundish and smooth. The bright representative of a modernist style Antonio Gaudi safely experimented shape of buildings and the form of windows which seem faster a nature handwork, rather than than the person (the house of Bones, park Guel). In general a huge variety of forms of the window, symbolising aspiration to freedom of self-expression and liberation of spirit is inherent in a modernist style. It was not frequent on one facade of a building even two identical windows.
Since 1910 there is a new direction in architecture under the name a functionalism which is one of modernism branches. On the foreground there is a functionality of a building. It is shown in the system of asymmetrical windows with the big and small shutters. The functionalism of second half of XX-th century uses minimalisticheskie parallelepiped forms, and the basic material for construction of buildings are grey ferro-concrete plates. Buildings of this period - faceless callous constructions with the flat roofs, differing rough furnish. Windows of such houses small, closed and heavy. To uninhabited houses it is applied tape osteklenie.
In 1920-1930 development receives the constructivism characterised by severity, laconicism of forms. In this style catering establishments were executed, working clubs, work palaces etc. in the light of constructivism the window acquires strict geometrical (square or rectangular) the form. Within the limits of this direction with 1919 on 1933 gg arises bauhauz. Ideologists etoog believed directions, that the architecture should be strictly functional, economic and focused on mass production processes.
On change to constructivism magnificent style ar-deko, existing in 20-50th years of the XX-th century comes. Its characteristic lines - ethnic geometrical patterns, a glamour, modern materials (aluminium, stainless steel). In architecture step and zigzag forms, the courageous curves which do not have anything general with smooth and soft lines of a modernist style are widely used. Flat roofs, a free lay-out and tape windows which could be stretched along all facade enter into a fashion. The American branch ar-deko is strimlayn a modernist style. In this style lecture halls of Radio Mjuzik of the Hall and the well-known spike of a skyscraper of a building a Crysler in New York are constructed.
In the end of the XX-th century there is a new direction in architecture - a postmodernism. A vivid example of the building constructed in similar style - the opera House in Sydney. Association of receptions, motives and currents from different epoch for creation of creative space in which semantic images freely intertwine became prominent feature of this style. This direction became in certain degree failure of a functionalism and declaration of the leading part of an aesthetics.
Now the greatest urgency such directions as have acquired neoconstructivism, hi-tech, dekonstruktivizm and biotek, united in group under the name a neomodernism.
Hi-tech - the architectural style which has arisen in 80th years of the XX-th century, perceiving architecture as engineering. In style hi-tech it is possible to allocate buildings easily on a glass and plastic abundance, availability of tubular designs from metal, to wide use of serebristo-metal colour and cubism and constructivism elements. Also for hi-tech typically tape osteklenie or osteklenie surfaces of the big area.
Ultramodern architectural movement bio-flew achieves expressiveness at the expense of drawing of natural forms. This direction is not up to the end generated yet, therefore it does not have no practicality and functionality. The architectural bionics opposes a rectangular design of buildings and curvilinear forms. This direction also has received names "architectural bionics", "eko-flew", "biourbanism". In this style the national space centre of the Great Britain, an art museum in state of Milwaukee, the USA are constructed.
The window has long history. Since time when it was only an aperture in a wall and until when it has acquired a difficult modern design, there have passed many centuries. Today a window not only influence a general impression from a building. Thanks to modern materials and technologies, they supply comfort indoors, regulating temperature and noise level.
Question on what architectural style and type of eurowindows to choose for the house, not from lungs. As shows the experience, one of popular styles of modern cottages is classical with a variety of geometrical forms of windows inherent in it: rectangular, square, arch, round, ellipse, triangular and even the trapezoid. Modern eurowindows can be even vitrazhnyimi.
In Russia also win popularity small cottages in the Scandinavian style in which simplicity and ecological compatibility are inherent. In such houses, as a rule, establish ecologically pure eurowindows with double or threefold ostekleniem.
Houses in a modernist style use wide demand. Windows on a facade of such house can be different.
Recently even more often there are the houses simulating national Russian izbas. In such houses it is possible to establish wooden windows with decorative profiles.
The material is granted by the Tsar-window company - wooden windows from the Siberian larch and a pine
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Date of the publication 24.07.07